Pakistan’s Religious Minorities: Constitutional Inclusion and Exclusion: An Appraisal

Abstract

This research deals with dual dynamics of inclusion and exclusion of religious minorities in Pakistan's constitutional framework. Despite formal recognition and protection for religious minorities enshrined in 1973 Constitution, practical and systemic challenges persist that undermine these guarantees. This research delves into historical evolution of constitutional provisions, highlighting key amendments and judicial interpretations that have shaped the current legal landscape. It explores the tension between Islamic identity of state and secular principles necessary for minority rights protection. Case studies of specific minority communities, such as Christians, Hindus and Ahmadis, illustrate the lived realities of constitutional promises versus on-ground implementation. This article argues that while constitutional inclusion provides a foundational layer of protection, exclusionary practices rooted in socio-political contexts and legal ambiguities continue to marginalize religious minorities. Recommendations for legal reforms and policy measures to enhance effective inclusion of religious minorities are proposed, emphasizing the need for a more robust enforcement mechanism and greater societal awareness to foster an inclusive national identity.