Challenges and Outcomes of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): A Narrative Review

Abstract

This study explores a mutually beneficial economic corridor known as the CPEC from a public policy and governance lens, specifically the social, political, economic, and the socioeconomic discrepancies in the CPEC-associated projects. The first and foremost is to appraise the development and geopolitical impact of CPEC on Pakistan. It was conducted using a narrative literature review method, as the articles published between 2013 and 2024 were included. The study shows that the efficiency of trade increased in Pakistan after CPEC, positions in employment, and enhanced Pakistan infrastructure. Nonetheless, it has brought regional disparity, social displacement and security issue mainly in Baluchistan due to the project. CPEC and its outcomes have contributed positively on the Pakistan and China bond, yet has destabilized political relations between Pakistan-India. In terms of environment CPEC is good for green infrastructure but question remains regarding nonrenewable energy investment. As key findings of the research, it is argued that without overcoming these challenges, CPEC can hardly contribute to sustainable development; any improvements are only possible if sound governance reforms and sound policies within the framework of regional cooperation are enforced.